Background and Aim: The aim of this review study was to evaluate the results and effects of employing or not using bone graft materials in the buccal Gap around the immediate implant, on the alveolar bone dimensions and the success of the implant and its complications after immediate implant placement. Material and Methods: This study was conducted using electronic versions of articles in Pupmed and Google Scholar from 2010 to 20/4/2022. The extracted electronic articles include 14 randomized clinical trial studies, a high number case report and two systematic reviews based on clinical trial. All the researches are human clinical studies. Articles written in English and Persian, as well as laboratory and animal studies and the use of collagen membranes during immediate implant placement, have been excluded from the study. The age of patients is over 18 years and the duration of evaluation is four months and more. Finally, 17 articles were reviewed. Conclusion: The effect of using or not using Bone Graft in buccal Gap on implant failure cannot be confirmed. It does not seem to have a significant effect on reducing the horizontal and vertical dimension of the buccal plate and has a moderate effect on the beauty of the soft tissue around the implant and the amount of mid-buccal gingival mucosa dimension and reducing the horizontal and vertical dimension of the buccal plate. With the use of bone powder, minor surgical complications such as pain are slightly increased.

Distance-based clustering methods categorize samples by optimizing a global criterion, finding ellipsoid clusters with roughly equal sizes. In contrast, density-based clustering techniques form clusters with arbitrary shapes and sizes by optimizing a local criterion. Most of these methods have several hyper-parameters, and their performance is highly dependent on the hyper-parameter setup. Recently, a Gaussian Density Distance (GDD) approach was proposed to optimize local criteria in terms of Distance and density properties of samples. GDD can find clusters with different shapes and sizes without any free parameters. However, it may fail to discover the appropriate clusters due to the interfering of clustered samples in estimating the density and Distance properties of remaining unclustered samples. Here, we introduce Adaptive GDD (AGDD), which eliminates the inappropriate effect of clustered samples by adaptively updating the parameters during clustering. It is stable and can identify clusters with various shapes, sizes, and densities without adding extra parameters. The Distance metrics calculating the dissimilarity between samples can affect the clustering performance. The effect of different Distance measurements is also analyzed on the method. The experimental results conducted on several well-known datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed AGDD method compared to the other well-known clustering methods.

Social changes in the 20 th century besides its cultural, social and economic implications, have also caused the phenomenon of "generation Gap" to appear. That is, there is a kind of Gap/Distance in terms of mentality, taste, value system, and code of behaviour between different generations. This process has in itself threatened the social integration/agreement. While some of the social analysts find economic development as the main factor responsible for the "generation Gap", others introduce cultural development involved in the phenomenon. "Generation Gap" though initially originated in the industrial societies, is quickly entering the other non-industrial societies too. Social modernization is highly responsible for the emergence of the phenomenon. In this research, it has been tried to make clear the uncontrollable implications of social change as much as possible. Also, in the analysis of the "generation Gap" and Distance from the social integration, the writer has tried to refer to various sociological and psychological theories and eventually due proposals have been presented.

Background and aims: In order to fabricate prostheses with high accuracy and durability, soldering techniques have been introduced to clinical dentistry. However, these prostheses always fail at their solder joints. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Gap Distance on the tensile strength of base metal solder joints.Materials and methods: Based on ADA/ISO 9693 specifications for tensile test, 40 specimens were fabricated from a Ni-Cr alloy and cut at the midpoint of 3-mm diameter bar and placed at desired positions by a specially designed device. The specimens were divided into four groups of 10 samples according to the desired solder Gap Distance: Group1: 0.1mm, Group2: 0.25mm, Group3: 0.5mm, and Group4: 0.75mm. After soldering, specimens were tested for tensile strength by a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min with a preload of 10N.Results: The mean tensile strength values of the groups were 162, 307.8, 206.1 and 336.7 MPa, respectively. The group with 0.75-mm Gap had the highest and the group with 0.1-mm Gap had the lowest tensile strength. Bonferroni test showed that Group1 and Group4 had statistically different values (P=0.023), but the differences between other groups were not significant at a significance level of 0.05.Conclusion: There was no direct relationship between increasing soldering Gap Distance and tensile strength of the solder joints.

Context and purpose. Obtaining the private Gap standard for healthy product certification due to costs is out of reach in many small and mediumsized farms among smallholder farmers. GroupGap has provided a much-anticipated alternative where operators and farmers' cooperatives can pay the cost of certification on a cost-sharing basis. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the development strategies of Gap standard with emphasis on GroupGap in the rice production system of Mazandaran province. Methodology/approach. Current research is qualitative and data analysis was conducted in the grounded theory method, during a three-stage process of open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The data collection tool included an in-depth and semi-structured interview with a qualitative content analysis technique, which was analyzed through Maxquda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and managers of the Rice Farmers Cooperative Company of Mazandaran Province, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Findings and conclusions. After extracting the concepts of the content analysis of the interviews, 9 conceptual codes out of 30 initial codes were identified in the first stage of coding. After refining and merging, the codes were classified into 3 subcategories. These components include the group certification system, the development of publicGap programs and the development of private Gap. In the group certificates, the two dimensions of contract system development and guaranteed purchase, the development of the cooperative company for the production of healthy products have been taken into consideration. It is recommended to strengthen the organizations and cooperatives of farmers and exporters, especially to strengthen young farmers and women organizations. Originality. Originality/innovation: Due to the importance of the Gap standard issue and farmers' problems in providing the audit fees and establishment of Gap certificate, so far, no comprehensive study has been carried out in Iran on the development of operational strategies for the establishment of Gap and GroupGap. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to provide a useful framework in explaining Gap standard development strategies with the participation of farmers in adopting the government, private, group and cooperative certification system.

One of the significant challenges in synthesis of electrospun scaffolds is the fabrication of highly porous scaffolds free from defects and beads, with uniform fibers. In this study, effects of applied voltage and Distance on morphologies of electrospun pcl-KIT-6 composite scaffolds were investigated. Fibre morphology was observed under a scanning electron microscopy. The effects of operating parameters including applied voltage, and tip-target Distance on the morphology of electrospun pcl-KIT-6 composite scaffolds were systematically evaluated. Results showed that The morphological structure can be changed by changing the applied voltage and Distance. when the voltage was increased from 15to 18 kv, nanofibres with beades were observed. Furthermore, increasing Distance from 15 to 20cm had a positive effect on the scaffolds' morphology and decreased the defects such as beads in the structure. Hence the optimum conditions for electrospinning the PCL/KIT-6 composite scaffolds were determined for voltage and Distance in 15kv and 20cm.

Glycidyl azide polymer (Gap) is used as binder in propellants. Energetic ionic liquids are used as plasticizer to improve the properties of polymer. In the present study, firstly, ionic liquid was bonded to the Gap by certain amount and then the energetic anions of nitrate (NO3) and azide (N3) were used to exchange anion. FTIR analyses confirm accurately anions exchange. DSC, viscometer and heat of combustion analyses have been carried out. The glass transition temperature, viscosity, and Gap energy were changed by anion exchange. Glass transition temperatures for ionic liquids with nitrate (NO3) and azide (N3) anions were measured to be-43. 25 ° C and-40. 91 ° C, viscosities 4 Pa. s and 5 Pa. s and heats of combustion were 20. 46 kJ/g and 19. 98 kJ/g, respectively. The results of the analysis indicate that the ionic liquid with nitrate anion gives better results compared to the ionic liquid with azide anion.

Background & Aim: There are several methods for determination of occlusal vertical dimension. The vertical dimension of rest position, interocclusal Distance and closest speaking space are two important methods. The purpose of this study was comparison the variability of interocclusal Distance and closest speaking space in denture wearers.Method &Materials: The subjects were 34 edentulous patients (18 males & 16 females with mean age of 56) who had received complete dentures in the prosthodontics department of Isfahan dental school. They had good residual ridges. The dentures had correct clinical vertical dimension with 1-2mm overjet and 0.5 -1mm overbite. There was no evidence of neuromuscular and TMJ problems. The TOM guage was used for measuring the vertical dimension of rest position and «S» position.Results: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of interocclusal Distance were smaller than closest speaking space. Paired T-test and Levene's test were used for statistical analysis. There was a statistically difference between interocclusal Distance and closest speaking space, so the interocclusal Distance was less variable than closest speaking space (P<0.05).Conclusion: The closest speaking space during S position is affected by the occlusion, vertical and horizontal overlap of anterior teeth. These factors are up to dentist's judgement in complete denture and can influence the variability of vertical dimension of S position. Because of this variability it is recommended to use several methods for determining of vertical dimension.